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Immunization of AKR/N mice with murine fibroblasts, transfected with the TSH receptor (TSHR) and a murine major histocompatibility complex class II molecule having the same H-2k haplotype (but not either alone), induces immune thyroid disease with the humoral and histological features of human Graves’, including the presence of two different TSHR antibodies (TSHRAbs): stimulating TSHRAbs, which cause hyperthyroidism; and TSH-binding-inhibiting immunoglobulins. The primary functional epitope for both types of antibodies in Graves’ patients is on the N-terminal portion of the extracellular domain of the TSHR, residues 25 to 165; most require residues 90–165 to express TSHRAb activity, as evidenced in studies using chimeras of the TSHR and lutropin-choriogonadotropin receptor (LH-CGR). To evaluate the role of this region of the TSHR in the formation of Graves’ TSHRAbs, we immunized AKR/N mice with fibroblasts transfected with three human TSHR chimeras with residues 9–165 (Mc1+2), 90–165 (Mc2), or 261–370 (Mc4) substituted by equivalent residues of the rat LH-CGR. Mice immunized with the Mc1+2 and Mc2 chimeras, with the N-terminal portion of the extracellular domain of the TSHR substituted by LH-CGR residues, did not develop TSHRAbs. Mice immunized with the Mc4 chimera, having a major portion of the C-terminal portion of the extracellular domain of the TSHR replaced by comparable LH-CGR residues, can develop TSHRAbs. The results suggest that the N-terminal segment of the TSHR extracellular domain is not only a critical functional epitope for Graves’ TSHRAbs, but it is important also in their formation in a mouse model of Graves’ disease.

The Formation of Thyrotropin Receptor (TSHR) Antibodies in a Graves’ Animal Model Requires the N-Terminal Segment of the TSHR Extracellular Domain