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Thyroid hormone action is mediated through its nuclear receptors (TRs), which bind to target DNA sequences [thyroid hormone response element (TRE)] as a homodimer or a heterodimer with 9-cis-retinoic acid receptors. Mutations of TR beta identified in patients with resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) cluster primarily at two areas separated by the putative dimerization region. Two TR beta mutations were newly found in patients with RTH at codon 435 histidine (H435L and H435Q) close to the dimerization region. Recent crystallographic study suggested that H435 is critical for direct contact with T3. To study how the side-chain charge of amino acids at this position affects receptor characteristics, T3-binding activity, receptor dimerization, transcriptional activity, and dominant negative action were analyzed in two RTH mutants and two additional artificial mutants (H435R and H435E). The T3 binding affinities of all four mutants were below detection. In electrophoretic mobility shift assay using TRE-DR4 or the inverted palindrome (Lap), heterodimer formation of mutant receptors with 9-cis-retinoic acid receptor was similar to that of wild type receptors. However, homodimer formation varied among mutant receptors, especially using TRE-DR4, with a rank order of wild type = H435R &gt; H435Q &gt; H435L &gt; &gt; H435E. In the presence of a basic amino acid at codon 435, homodimer formation was preserved, whereas substitution to neutral or acidic amino acids resulted in decreased homodimer formation. In transient transfection assays using reporter genes under the control of 2xPal-thymidine kinase (TK), DR4-TK, Lap-TK, or TSH alpha promoter, these four mutants were inactive in T3-dependent transcriptional activation. Dominant negative inhibition was similar for all four mutants. These results indicate that 1) newly found TR beta mutations at codon 435 are responsible for RTH; and 2) codon 435 in TR beta is located at a position that can predominantly alter homodimer formation on certain TREs, such as DR4.

Amino acid substitutions of thyroid hormone receptor-beta at codon 435 with resistance to thyroid hormone selectively alter homodimer formation.