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We examine the impact of a solid sphere into a fine-grained granular bed.Using high-speed X-ray radiography we track both the motion of the sphere andlocal changes in the bed packing fraction. Varying the initial packing densityas well as the ambient gas pressure, we find a complete reversal in the effectof interstitial gas on the impact response of the bed: The dynamic couplingbetween gas and grains allows for easier penetration in initially loose bedsbut impedes penetration in more densely packed beds. High-speed imaging of thelocal packing density shows that these seemingly incongruous effects have acommon origin in the resistance to bed packing changes caused by interstitialair.

The role of interstitial gas in determining the impact response of granular beds