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Faster magnetic recording technology is indispensable to massive data storageand big data sciences. {All-optical spin switching offers a possible solution},but at present it is limited to a handful of expensive and complex rare-earthferrimagnets. The spin switching in more abundant ferromagnets maysignificantly expand the scope of all-optical spin switching. Here by studying40,000 ferromagnetic spins, we show that it is the optical spin-orbit torquethat determines the course of spin switching in both ferromagnets andferrimagnets. Spin switching occurs only if the effective spin angular momentumof each constituent in an alloy exceeds a critical value. Because of the strongexchange coupling, the spin switches much faster in ferromagnets thanweakly-coupled ferrimagnets. This establishes a paradigm for all-optical spinswitching. The resultant magnetic field (65 T) is so big that it willsignificantly reduce high current in spintronics, thus representing thebeginning of photospintronics.

Switching ferromagnetic spins by an ultrafast laser pulse: Emergence of giant optical spin-orbit torque