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Modeling epidemic dynamics plays an important role in studying how diseasesspread, predicting their future course, and designing strategies to controlthem. In this letter, we introduce a model of SIR(susceptible-infected-removed) type which explicitly incorporates the effect of{\it cooperative coinfection}. More precisely, each individual can get infectedby two different diseases, and an individual already infected with one diseasehas an increased probability to get infected by the other. Depending on theamount of this increase, we observe different threshold scenarios. Apart fromthe standard continuous phase transition for single disease outbreaks, weobserve continuous transitions where both diseases must coexist, but alsodiscontinuous transitions are observed, where a finite fraction of thepopulation is already affected by both diseases at the threshold. All ourresults are obtained in a mean field model using rate equations, but we arguethat they should hold also in more general frameworks.

Outbreaks of coinfections: the critical role of cooperativity