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We studied the effects of chloralose anesthesia on the basal hemodynamic state and on the cardiovascular response to alveolar hypoxia in chronically instrumented, spontaneously breathing lambs, compared with responses to the saline vehicle. Chloralose significantly increased heart rate (23%), mean systemic arterial pressure (11%), systemic vascular resistance (21%), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (23%), and pulmonary vascular resistance (46%) (n = 30, p less than 0.05, ANOVA). These changes were unrelated to baseline tone of the circulation, cardiac output, mean left atrial pressure, or physiologically important changes in arterial blood gas tensions. In addition, chloralose-treated lambs had increased heart rate, systemic vascular resistance, and pulmonary vascular resistance compared to controls during alveolar hypoxia (13-15% FiO2). Importantly, chloralose-treated lambs did not increase their cardiac output during alveolar hypoxia as did control lambs. During hypoxia, systemic vascular resistance remained elevated in chloralose-treated lambs, but declined in control lambs. Chloralose has been recommended as an ideal anesthetic agent for cardiovascular experimentation. Our data suggest that chloralose-induced alterations in basal hemodynamics and in cardiovascular responses to alveolar hypoxia represent an uncontrolled variable in acute experimental studies. Complex cardiovascular alterations caused by anesthesia should be considered in experimental design.

Chloralose Alters Both Basal Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Responses to Alveolar Hypoxia in Chronically Instrumented, Spontaneously Breathing Lambs'