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Conditioned Withdrawal Responses with Shock as the Conditioning Stimulus in A dull Human Subjects. (Psychol. Bulletin, vol. xxxi, p. I I I, Feb., 1934.) Razran, G. H. S. The withdrawal response to an electric shock is of great interest in some special problems, but its general value as a method for the discovery of the laws of conditioning in adult human beings is very limited. Many of the recorded observa tions indicate that the experiments have not normally yielded results of pure conditionability. While conditioned responses are not brought about by conscious ness, attention and the like, they are affected, much more than the so-called native responses, by subjective processes, and their true course is obscured by the latter. The supposition that these subjective processes are themselves governed by laws which are the same, identical, similar, or derivable from the laws of conditioning does not remove the difficulty. M. HAMBLIN SMITH.

the journal of mental science/journal of mental science

The Irradiation of a Tactile Conditioned Reflex in Man. (Journ. Comp. Psychol., vol. xvii, p. 47, Feb., 1934) Bass, M. J., and Hull, C. L.