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The different distribution of T cells among activation/differentiation stages in immune disorders may condition the outcome of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-based therapies. Indeed, the effect of MSCs in the different functional compartments of T cells is not completely elucidated.    Methods  We investigated the effect of human bone marrow MSCs on naturally occurring peripheral blood functional compartments of CD4 +  and CD8 +  T cells: naive, central memory, effector memory, and effector compartments. For that, mononuclear cells (MNCs) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) plus ionomycin were cultured in the absence/presence of MSCs. The percentage of cells expressing tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFNγ), and interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-17, IL-9, and IL-6 and the amount of cytokine produced were assessed by flow cytometry. mRNA levels of IL-4, IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) in purified CD4 +  and CD8 +  T cells, and phenotypic and mRNA expression changes induced by PMA + ionomycin stimulation in MSCs, were also evaluated.    Results  MSCs induced the reduction of the percentage of CD4 +  and CD8 +  T cells producing TNF-α, IFNγ, and IL-2 in all functional compartments, except for naive IFNγ + CD4 +  T cells. This inhibitory effect differentially affected CD4 +  and CD8 +  T cells as well as the T-cell functional compartments; remarkably, different cytokines showed distinct patterns of inhibition regarding both the percentage of producing cells and the amount of cytokine produced. Likewise, the percentages of IL-17 + , IL-17 + TNF-α + , and IL-9 +  within CD4 +  and CD8 +  T cells and of IL-6 + CD4 +  T cells were decreased in MNC-MSC co-cultures. MSCs decreased IL-10 and increased IL-4 mRNA expression in stimulated CD4 +  and CD8 +  T cells, whereas TGF-β was reduced in CD8 +  and augmented in CD4 +  T cells, with no changes for CTLA4. Finally, PMA + ionomycin stimulation did not induce significant alterations on MSCs phenotype but did increase indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), inducible costimulatory ligand (ICOSL), IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α mRNA expression.    Conclusions  Overall, our study showed that MSCs differentially regulate the functional compartments of CD4 +  and CD8 +  T cells, which may differentially impact their therapeutic effect in immune disorders. Furthermore, the influence of MSCs on IL-9 expression can open new possibilities for MSC-based therapy in allergic diseases.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/scrt537) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Effect of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells on cytokine production by peripheral blood naive, memory, and effector T cells