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In lung fibrosis, alveolar epithelium degenerates progressively. The goal of regenerative medicine is to aid repair and regeneration of the lost tissues in parenchyma and airways for which mobilization of tissue-resident endogenous or bone marrow-derived exogenous stem cells niches is a critical step. We used a lung injury model in mice to identify and characterize functional lung stem cells to clarify how stem cell niches counteract this degenerative process.    Methods   Short term assay (STA)  - Bleomycin-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis were assessed in a model of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in wild-type (WT), gp91phox-/- (NOX-/-), and gp91phoxMMP-12 double knockout (DKO) mice on C57Bl/6 background and Hoechst 33322 dye effluxing side population (SP) cells characterized.  Long term assay (LTA)  - In a bleomycin induced lung fibrosis model in C57Bl6 mice, the number of mature cells were quantified over 7, 14, and 21 days in bone marrow (BM), peripheral blood (PB), lung parenchyma (LP) and brochoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid by FACS. BrdU pulse chase experiment (10 weeks) was used to identify label retaining cells (LRC). BrdU +  and BrdU -  cells were characterized by hematopoietic (CD45 + ), pluripotency (TTF1 + , Oct3/4 + , SSEA-3 + , SSEA-4 + , Sca1 + , Lin - , CD34 + , CD31 + ), and lung lineage-specific (SPC + , AQP-5 + , CC-10 + ) markers. Clonogenic potential of LRCs were measured by CFU-c assays.    Results   STA - In lung, cellularity increased by 5-fold in WT and 6-fold in NOX-/- by d7. Lung epithelial markers were very low in expression in all SP flow sorted from lung of all three genotypes cultured  ex vivo . (p < 0.01). Post-bleomycin, the SP in NOX-/- lung increased by 3.6-fold over WT where it increased by 20-fold over controls. Type I and II alveolar epithelial cells progressively diminished in all three genotypes by d21 post-bleomycin. D7 post-bleomycin, CD45+ cells in BALf in NOX-/- was 1.7-fold > WT, 57% of which were Mf that decreased by 67% in WT and 83% in NOX-/- by d21. LTA - Cellularity as a factor of time remained unchanged in BM, PB, LP and BAL fluid. BrdU +  (LRC) were the putative stem cells. BrdU + CD45 +  cells increased by 0.7-fold and SPC + CC10 +  bronchoalveolar stem cells (BASC), decreased by ~40-fold post-bleomycin. BrdU + VEGF +  cells decreased by 1.8-fold while BrdU - VEGF +  cells increased 4.6-fold. Most BrdU -  cells were CD45 - . BrdU -  BASCs remained unchanged post-bleomycin. CFU-c of the flow-sorted BrdU +  cells remained similar in control and bleomycin-treated lungs.    Conclusion   STA - Inflammation is a pre-requisite for fibrosis; SP cells, being the putative stem cells in the lungs, were increased (either by self renewal or by recruitment from the exogenous bone marrow pool) post-bleomycin in NOX-/- but not in DKO indicating the necessity of cross-talk between gp91phox and MMP-12 in this process;  ex vivo  cultured SP progressively lose pluripotent markers, notably BASC (SPC+CC10+) - significance is unknown.  LTA  -  The increase in the hematopoietic progenitor pool in lung indicated that exogenous progenitors from circulation contribute to lung regeneration. Most non-stem cells were non-hematopoietic in origin indicating that despite tissue turnover, BASCs are drastically depleted possibly necessitating recruitment of progenitors from the hematopoietic pool. Loss of VEGF +  LRC may indicate a signal for progenitor mobilization from niches. BrdU -  BASC population may be a small quiescent population that remains as a reserve for more severe lung injury. Increase in VEGF +  non-LRC may indicate a checkpoint to counterbalance the mobilization of VEGF +  cells from the stem cell niche.

Characterization of lung stem cell niches in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced fibrosis