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Petals and leaves share common evolutionary origins but have different phenotypic characteristics, such as the absence of stomata in the petals of most angiosperm species. Plant NAC transcription factor, NAP, is involved in ABA responses and regulates senescence-associated genes, and especially those that affect stomatal movement. However, the regulatory mechanisms and significance of NAP action in senescing astomatous petals is unclear. A major limiting factor is failure of flower opening and accelerated senescence. Our goal is to understand the finely regulatory mechanism of dehydration tolerance and aging in rose flowers. We functionally characterized  RhNAP , an  AtNAP -like transcription factor gene that is induced by dehydration and aging in astomatous rose petals. Cytokinins (CKs) are known to delay petal senescence and we found that a cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase gene 6 ( RhCKX6 ) shares similar expression patterns with  RhNAP . Silencing of  RhNAP  or  RhCKX6  expression in rose petals by virus induced gene silencing markedly reduced petal dehydration tolerance and delayed petal senescence. Endogenous CK levels in  RhNAP - or  RhCKX6 -silenced petals were significantly higher than those of the control. Moreover,  RhCKX6  expression was reduced in  RhNAP -silenced petals. This suggests that the expression of  RhCKX6  is regulated by  RhNAP . Yeast one-hybrid experiments and electrophoresis mobility shift assays showed that RhNAP binds to the  RhCKX6  promoter in heterologous in vivo system and in vitro, respectively. Furthermore, the expression of putative signal transduction and downstream genes of ABA-signaling pathways were also reduced due to the repression of PP2C homolog genes by RhNAP in rose petals. Taken together, our study indicates that the  RhNAP/RhCKX6  interaction represents a regulatory step enhancing dehydration tolerance in young rose petals and accelerating senescence in mature petals in a stomata-independent manner.

Regulation of rose petal dehydration tolerance and senescence by RhNAP transcription factor via the modulation of cytokinin catabolism