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Background Following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), the brain is susceptible to ferroptosis, a type of iron-dependent cell death. Therapeutic intervention targeting the iron homeostasis pathway shows promise for mitigating ferroptosis and improving recovery in animal models, but little work has been conducted in humans. DNA methylation (DNAm) plays a key role in gene expression and brain function, plasticity, and injury recovery, making it a potentially useful biomarker of outcomes or therapeutic target for intervention. Therefore, in this longitudinal, observational study, we examined the relationships between trajectories of DNAm in candidate genes related to iron homeostasis and acute (cerebral vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia) and long-term (Glasgow Outcome Scale [GOS, unfavorable = 1–3] and death) patient outcomes after aSAH. Results Longitudinal, genome-wide DNAm data were generated from DNA extracted from post-aSAH cerebrospinal fluid ( n  = 260 participants). DNAm trajectories of 637 CpG sites in 36 candidate genes related to iron homeostasis were characterized over 13 days post-aSAH using group-based trajectory analysis, an unsupervised clustering method. Significant associations were identified between inferred DNAm trajectory groups at several CpG sites and acute and long-term outcomes. Among our results, cg25713625 in the STEAP3 metalloreductase gene ( STEAP3 ) stood out. Specifically, in comparing the highest cg25713625 DNAm trajectory group with the lowest, we observed significant associations (i.e., based on  p -values less than an empirical significance threshold) with unfavorable GOS at 3 and 12 months ( OR  = 11.7,  p  = 0.0006 and  OR  = 15.6,  p  = 0.0018, respectively) and death at 3 and 12 months ( OR  = 19.1,  p  = 0.0093 and  OR  = 12.8,  p  = 0.0041, respectively). These results were replicated in an independent sample ( n  = 100 participants) observing significant associations with GOS at 3 and 12 months ( OR  = 8.2,  p  = 0.001 and  OR  = 6.3,  p  = 0.0.0047, respectively) and death at 3 months ( OR  = 2.3,  p  = 0.008) and a suggestive association (i.e.,  p -value &lt; 0.05 not meeting an empirical significance threshold) with death at 12 months ( OR  = 2.0,  p  = 0.0272). In both samples, an additive effect of the DNAm trajectory group was observed as the percentage of participants with unfavorable long-term outcomes increased substantially with higher DNAm trajectory groups. Conclusion Our results support a role for DNAm of cg25713625/ STEAP3  in recovery following aSAH. Additional research is needed to further explore the role of DNAm of cg25713625/ STEAP3  as a biomarker of unfavorable outcomes, or therapeutic target to improve outcomes, to translate these findings clinically.

epigenetics communications

Iron homeostasis pathway DNA methylation trajectories reveal a role for STEAP3 metalloreductase in patient outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage