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Background Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, and melanoma incidence increases worldwide. The emergence of drug resistance and side effects of chemotherapy drugs has led to a great deal of attention being paid to the development of natural medicines, especially using essential oil. The preparation of essential oil-based nanoformulation has thus recently received more attention. Results In this study, chitosan nanoparticles (ChiNPs) containing  Zataria multiflora  essential oil with a particle size of 177 ± 10 nm, a narrow particle size distribution (SPAN 0.96), and a cubic-like shape were first prepared. IC 50  values of the prepared nanoformulation against human melanoma (A-375) and breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468) were obtained as 32 (12–84), 46 (32–67), and 105 (85–131) µg/mL. Besides, an electrospun polycaprolactone–polyethylene oxide scaffold was prepared as a dressing after treatment with the nanoformulation. Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed the scaffold's preparation as well as successful loading of the essential oil in chitosan nanoparticles. Furthermore, the scaffold did not show a cytotoxic effect on A-375, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-468, and its surface was hydrophobic as the water contact angle with the surface was 136.5°. Conclusions The prepared prototype with natural ingredients and high efficacy could be considered for further consideration in vivo study or complementary medicine. Graphical abstract

Cytotoxic effects of chitosan nanoparticles containing Zataria multiflora essential oil against human breast and melanoma cells