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The ectomycorrhizal genus  Lactifluus  is known to contain many species complexes, consisting of morphologically very similar species, which can be considered cryptic or pseudocryptic. In this paper, a thorough molecular study is performed of the clade around  Lactifluus deceptivus  (originally described by Peck from North America) or the deceptive milkcaps. Even though most collections were identified as  L. deceptivus , the clade is shown to contain at least 15 species, distributed across Asia and America, indicating that the  L. deceptivus  clade represents a species complex. These species are morphologically very similar and are characterized by a tomentose pileus with thin-walled hyphae and a velvety stipe with thick-walled hyphae. An ITS1 sequence was obtained through Illumina sequencing for the lectotype of  L. deceptivus , dating from 1885, revealing which clade represents the true  L. deceptivus . In addition, it is shown that three other described species also belong to the  L. deceptivus  clade:  L. arcuatus ,  L. caeruleitinctus  and  L. mordax,  and molecularly confirmed that  L. tomentoso-marginatus  represents a synonym of  L. deceptivus . Furthermore, two new Neotropical species are described:  Lactifluus hallingii  and  L. domingensis .

Looks can be deceiving: the deceptive milkcaps (Lactifluus, Russulaceae) exhibit low morphological variance but harbour high genetic diversity