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Background  Organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) or embryonic stem (ES) cells have been evaluated as in vitro models of development and disease. However, maintaining these cells under long-term static culture conditions is difficult because of nutrition shortages and waste accumulation. To overcome these issues, perfusion culture systems are required for organoid technology. A system with a stable microenvironment, nutrient availability, and waste removal will accelerate organoid generation. The aim of this study was to develop a novel perfusion system for renal organoids by maintaining the air-liquid interface with a device fabricated using a 3D printer.    Results  Our results revealed slow flow at the organoid cultivation area based on microbead movement on the membrane, which depended on the perfusion rate under the membrane. Moreover, the perfused culture medium below the organoids via a porous membrane diffused throughout the organoids, maintaining the air-liquid interface. The diffusion rates within organoids were increased according to the flow rate of the culture medium under the membrane. The perfused culture medium also stimulated cytoskeletal and basement membrane re-organization associated with promotion tubular formation under 2.5 μL/min flow culture. In contrast, tubules in organoids were diminished at a flow rate of 10 μL/min.    Conclusions  Our liquid-air interface perfusion system accelerated organization of the renal organoids. These results suggest that suitable perfusion conditions can accelerate organization of epithelial cells and tissues in renal organoids in vitro.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s42490-019-0017-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Perfusion culture maintained with an air-liquid interface to stimulate epithelial cell organization in renal organoids in vitro