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Background  Selective peripheral denervation via botulinum neurotoxin injections into dystonic muscles is the first-line treatment for cervical dystonia. Pallidal neurostimulation is a potent alternative, but currently restricted to patients failing on neurotoxin therapy. As botulinum neurotoxin is partially effective but often unsatisfactory in a relevant proportion of patients, earlier neurostimulation might be advantageous in providing stable symptom control and preventing disability. This trial intends to demonstrate, that pallidal neurostimulation is superior to neurotoxin injections in best clinical practice for controlling the symptoms of cervical dystonia and that it is safe in patients with a partial therapy response to peripheral denervation. We hypothesize a better outcome in everyday functioning and health-related quality of life of neurostimulated patients.    Methods  We aim to recruit 66 cervical dystonia patients into a double-blind comparison of pallidal neurostimulation versus botulinum neurotoxin type A. Eligible patients need ≥25% motor symptom reduction 4 weeks after a neurotoxin test injection, but are willing to undergo DBS surgery due to unsatisfactory symptom control. All participants will be implanted with a DBS system, and randomized into 2 groups: First group will receive effective neurostimulation and saline injections into dystonic muscles. Second group is treated with regular neurotoxin injections and undergoes a sham-stimulation. Primary outcome is the change in TWSTRS total score between baseline and 6 months of therapy. Secondary outcome parameters are corresponding changes in TWSTRS motor score, Tsui score, CDQ-24 and SF-36. Safety will be assessed by frequency and severity of reported adverse events. Statistical analysis includes intention-to-treat and per protocol populations, analysis based on imputation of missing values and analysis adjusting for differences in baseline TWSTRS. After 6 months of blinded treatment all patients will receive open-label neurostimulation and neurotoxin treatment as needed, and are followed up 48 weeks after randomization.    Perspective  We will assess if pallidal neurostimulation is a safe and effective alternative to selective peripheral denervation by botulinum toxin injections in cervical dystonia, which may be offered earlier in the course of disease based on patient preference. A positive study outcome would influence future treatment guidelines of cervical dystonia.    Trial registration  EudraCT registration number:   2016–001378-13

neurological research and practice

Pallidal neurostimulation versus botulinum toxin injections in the treatment of cervical dystonia: protocol of a randomized, sham-controlled trial (StimTox-CD)