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Background Toxins from the  Bacillus thuringiensis  ( Bt ) bacterium are employed as an alternative to synthetic pesticides in pest management. The greatest threat to the long-term viability of  Bt  toxins is resistance evolution in the target pests. Genetic diversity and toxicity of  Bt  isolates were studied in this work in order to find  Bt  isolates with novel  cry  genes. Results In terms of colony morphology, among a total of 60 isolates, 51 isolates had off-white colour colonies with typical fried egg appearance, irregular shape, flat and undulate margin. Different crystal shapes, viz. spherical (88.13%), bipyramidal (49.15%), cuboidal (42.37%), rectangular, and crystals attached to spores (3.38%) were observed among  Bt  isolates. SDS-PAGE analysis of spore crystal mixture showed the presence of proteins with various molecular weights ranging from 124 to 26 kDa. PCR screening with  cry1 ,  cry2 ,  cry9  and  vip3A1  primers showed isolates with varied insecticidal gene combinations.  Bt  isolates containing  cry1  genes were found to be abundant (30), followed by  cry2  (9) and  vip3A1  (9).  Cry9  was absent in all the 60 isolates tested. Insecticidal activity of spore crystal mixtures ranged from 0 to 100% mortality. Furthermore, 12 isolates were found to be highly toxic against the larvae of diamondback moth,  Plutella xylostella  (L.) (Plutellidae: Lepidoptera) with 100% mortality, at 25 µg/ml in leaf disc bioassay. Conclusions The present work established the diversity of  Bt  isolates and confirmed the importance of continuous exploration of new  Bt  isolates for novel genes. Further, research needs to be carried out to unveil the hidden potential of these toxic isolates.

Diversity of indigenous Bacillus thuringiensis isolates toxic to the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Plutellidae: Lepidoptera)