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Background The insect vector of Huanglongbing,  Diaphorina citri  Kuwayama, 1908 (Hemiptera: Lividae) was detected in Ecuador in 2013 and its main parasitoid  Tamarixia radiata  (Waterston, 1922) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was reported for the first time in 2017. In the citrus production region of Manabí province, Ecuador,  D .  citri  and  T .  radiata  were reported for the first time on  Murraya paniculata  L. in 2016 and 2018, respectively.  D. citri  was first found infesting  Citrus x aurantiifolia  (Christm.) Swingle in Manabí province at the end of 2018. The present study was conducted between August 2018 and May 2021 to: (1) monitor  D .  citri  populations on  M. paniculata  and  C . x  aurantiifolia  and determine the parasitism rates of  T .  radiata  on  D. citri  nymphs on both host plants, (2) establish the occurrence of  T .  radiata  parasitizing  D .  citri  on  C . x  aurantiifolia , and (3) calculate a predictive model for estimating the number of parasitized nymphs on a planting lot of  M .  paniculata  and a  C. aurantiifolia  orchard. Results Diaphorina citri  populations on  M. paniculata  decreased from 11 nymphs (2018–2019) to approximately 2 nymphs per flush (2020). This was associated with a natural increase in parasitism rates of  T. radiata  from 20% (2018) to 96% in 2020. The regression equation ( Y  = 2.049Ln ( x ) + 5.88) was able to estimate the number of parasitized  D. citri  nymphs based on parasitism on  M. paniculata  ( R  2 : 0.8315).  Tamarixia radiata  was first detected on  C. x aurantiifolia  in July 2020. Populations of  D. citri  reached 55 nymphs per flush (no parasitism) and subsequently decreased to the minimum level of 14 nymphs per flush (parasitism rates of up to 31%). The model allowed estimating the number of parasitized nymphs by  T. radiata  on  M. paniculata  and  C . x  aurantiifolia , with a maximum deviation of approximately 2 nymphs. Conclusions Based on the colonization and establishment of the psyllid–parasitoid interaction on  M .  paniculata , it is estimated that approximately by the end of 2022, populations of  D .  citri  on  C. x aurantiifolia  would decline due to the highest percentages of parasitism by  T .  radiata . High parasitism rates may indicate the potential of  T. radiata  in conservation biological control and integrated pest management programs.

egyptian journal of biological pest control

Predicting the establishment of Diaphorina citri and Tamarixia radiata on Citrus x aurantiifolia orchards based on the plant–psyllid–parasitoid interaction on Murraya paniculata