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Background  [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography is routinely used for assessing Takayasu arteritis patients. However, extra-vessel [F -18 ]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake has not been evaluated in detail in these patients. We aimed to describe the extent and distribution of extra-vascular [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on positron emission tomography/computed tomography in Takayasu arteritis patients. Seventy-three [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans from 64 consecutive Takayasu arteritis patients (59 women, mean age, 35.4 years; range, 13 to 71 years) and 40 scans from age-matched controls (36 women, mean age, 37.8 years; range, 13 to 70 years) were examined. We graded [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in large vessels using a 4-point scale and evaluated extra-vessel findings. Factors correlated with disease activity were examined. We evaluated the relationship between disease activity according to the National Institutes of Health score with extra-vessel findings, as well as other inflammatory markers (e.g., white blood cell count and C-reactive protein level).    Results  Extra-vessel involvement was present in 50 of 73 (68.4%) scans, specifically at the following sites: lymph nodes, 1.4%; thyroid glands, 17.8%; thymus, 11.0%; spleen, 1.4%; vertebrae, 45.2%; and pelvic bones, 9.6%. Takayasu arteritis patients had higher [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the spine ( P  = 0.03) and thyroid glands ( P  = 0.003) than did controls; uptake in other regions was comparable between groups. Compared with inactive patients, those with active Takayasu arteritis had a higher number of [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake sites in the vasculature ( P  = 0.001). Finally, patients with a National Institutes of Health score of ≥ 1 had significantly higher extra-vascular involvement ( P  = 0.008).    Conclusions  Extra-vessel [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake may be present in the context of Takayasu arteritis-related inflammatory processes. Information on extra-vascular [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake may be useful for detecting and evaluating inflammatory processes when interpreting positron emission tomography/computed tomography scans obtained from Takayasu arteritis patients.

Takayasu arteritis: clinical importance of extra-vessel uptake on FDG PET/CT