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Background In 2017, there were 2.2 million people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) in western and central Europe and North America, with approximately 77% accessing antiretroviral therapy (ART) [1]. However, only 63% of PLHIV on ART are estimated to attain the ideal of at least 95% adherence [2]. Indefinitely maintaining ART adherence may be extremely difficult, given the numerous factors that can impede it [3]. While newer, more potent ART regimens may make perfect adherence less necessary [4], adherence difficulties are tied to a range of medically relevant psychosocial and structural issues. These include depression, alcohol/substance misuse, and health service-related barriers [5]. Indeed, regularly identifying a patient’s potential barriers to ART adherence is explicitly recommended in some HIV treatment guidelines [6]. Doing so could help address previously undetected problems and prevent virologic failures. Nevertheless, how best to do this remains less clear. Given the many recognized barriers to ART adherence, such an assessment could prove time-consuming [7]. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROM) could offer a solution and their use is growing in healthcare [8]. While published initiatives of their implementation in HIV care are few (e.g., [9, 10]), using them to screen for barriers prior to the clinic visit could offer a quick and affordable solution and lead to more patient-centered counseling and intervention [7]. Yet there may be few comprehensive HIV-specific self-report measures for capturing and succinctly scoring patient perceived barriers to properly taking ART in developed countries [11]. It is also unclear to

A review of HIV-specific patient-reported measures of perceived barriers to antiretroviral therapy adherence: what themes are they covering?