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Background Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a notoriously difficult tumor to treat, with an overall survival of DIPG patients being only 11 months. One of the major obstacles for the effective treatment of DIPG is the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In order to circumvent the BBB, drug delivery methods are needed that target the pontine area. One such approach is microbubble-mediated focused ultrasound (FUS)—a non-invasive method that can temporarily and locally open the BBB. Previously, it was shown that FUS is safe with minimal side effects and rapid recovery times in preclinical animal models with different DIPG tumors. However, recent studies have shown that combining FUS with a single treatment of the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin did not improve survival in a DIPG xenograft model. As the duration of doxorubicin exposure might play a role in tumor response, we hypothesized that the use of a long-circulation (PEGylated) liposomal formulation of doxorubicin could lead to improved overall survival through a longer exposure time to the tumor. Method DIPG xenograft models were established with orthotopic injections of HSJD-DIPG-07 tumor cells into the pontine area of female athymic nude-foxn1 nu  mice. Tumor engraftment was confirmed with bioluminescence imaging (BLI) 40 days post-inoculation. Mice were randomized into groups receiving either liposomal formulations of doxorubicin (2B3-101 or Caelyx®) or free doxorubicin in combination with or without FUS treatment. Treatment groups received 5 mg/kg 2B3-101 or Caelyx® 1 h before FUS treatment or 5 mg/kg free doxorubicin immediately after FUS. Results Histological analysis, however, revealed liposome extravasation in healthy controls but not in HSJD-DIPG-07 xenograft 24 h after treatment. Furthermore, BLI monitoring did not show reduced signal after treatment, which was further illustrated with a survival analysis, showing no significant difference between treated and control animals ( p  = 0.3). Conclusion We did not observe a treatment effect after a single dose of free doxorubicin or the liposomal formulations 2B3-101 or Caelyx® in combination with FUS in DIPG-bearing mice.

Imaged-guided focused ultrasound in combination with various formulations of doxorubicin for the treatment of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma