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Background  Human malaria is a major threat in rural communities of central Vietnam.  Anopheles dirus  and  Anopheles minimus  species are critical malaria vectors in Vietnam, which transmit  Plasmodium  parasites. However, the entomological aspects of malaria transmission in some of the central provinces of Vietnam remain unexplored. Hence, a cross-sectional entomological survey was carried out to identify the malaria vector species and the transmission of  Plasmodium  parasites in seven endemic provinces of Vietnam.    Methods  Mosquitoes were collected from seven provinces, Gia Lai, Khanh Hoa, Phu Yen, Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, Dong Nai, and Binh Phuoc. The collection was conducted for four to eight consecutive nights using three established methods, indoor and outdoor human landing catches and light trap method. Nested-PCR analysis was performed to detect the  Plasmodium  species in the separated thorax and the abdomen of the individual mosquitoes.    Results  A total of 2278 mosquitoes belonging to one of the four species of anopheline mosquitoes,  An. dirus ,  An. maculatus ,  An. aconitus , and  An. minimus  were collected. Among the collected mosquitoes, 1398 were analysed using nested-PCR, of which, 40 mosquitoes were positive for  Plasmodium  parasites. Most of these parasites were detected in the samples from the thorax region, followed by the abdominal portion. The parasites were detected in both the thorax and abdomen of  An. dirus . Seven species of  Plasmodium  parasites were detected during the analysis, of which,  Plasmodium inui  was the most common species, followed by  Plasmodium falciparum ,  Plasmodium vivax ,  Plasmodium cynomolgi ,  Plasmodium coatneyi ,  Plasmodium knowlesi , and  Plasmodium fieldi . Out of the 49 positive samples, 12 showed mixed infections. Co-infection of  P. inui  with human and other non-human primate  Plasmodium  species was common.    Conclusions  This study demonstrated the presence of human and non-human primate  Plasmodium  infection in  An. dirus , a predominant malarial vector. Further, we showed that  An. maculatus  and  An. minimus  species also take part in malarial transmission. This might potentially lead to an alarming situation conducive for the emergence of novel zoonotic malaria.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s41182-019-0139-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Prevalence of human and non-human primate Plasmodium parasites in anopheline mosquitoes: a cross-sectional epidemiological study in Southern Vietnam