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Background  Human brucellosis remains to be a neglected zoonotic disease among agro-pastoral communities where livestock rearing is one of the main economic activities. This study was conducted in different agro-pastoral communities in Sengerema district, Mwanza, Tanzania, to determine seroprevalence and predictors of anti- Brucella  antibodies, information that may influence public awareness on the risk factors and strategies to improve the diagnosis of brucellosis in developing countries.    Methods  A cross-sectional community-based study was conducted between July and September 2008 in ten villages of Sengerema district. Sociodemographic and other related information were collected using a standardized data collection tool. Detection of  Brucella abortus  and  Brucella melitensis  antibodies were done using rapid  Brucella  serum agglutination test. Data were analysed by using STATA version 11.0. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) were calculated using multivariate logistic regression analysis.    Results  A total of 382 adults were enrolled with the median age of 30 (interquartile range 15–40) years. Males formed the majority of the participants 234 (61.5 %). Overall, seroprevalence of anti- Brucella  antibodies was found to be 14.1 % (54/382, 95 % CI 10.6–17.5). Seroprevalence of  B. melitensis  was 11 % (42/382) while that of  B. abortus  was found to be 7 % (26/282),  P  = 0.0267. Co-infection of  B. melitensis  and  B. abortus  was observed in 3.6 % (14/382, 95 % CI 1.7–5.4) of participants. On a multivariate logistic regression analysis, male sex (AOR 3.2, 95 % CI 1.3–7.5,  P  = 0.007), touching goat placenta (AOR 2.54, 95 % CI 1.05–6.14,  P  = 0.012) and agro-pastoralist occupation (AOR 2.07, 95 % CI 1.01–4.24,  P  = 0.04) were found to predict  B. melitensis  infection. Males (AOR 3.07, 95 % CI 1.45–6.51,  P  = 0.003) and agro-pastoralists (AOR 2.98, 95 % CI 1.38–6.43,  P  = 0.005) were found to be predictors for specific anti- Brucella  antibodies.    Conclusions  A significant proportion of the agro-pastoralist male population in agro-pastoral communities in Sengerema district is positive for anti- Brucella  antibodies. With the decrease incidence of malaria fever, other causes of fever such as  Brucella  spp. should be considered of public health concern in Tanzania especially in agro-pastoral communities.

tropical medicine and health

Predictors of specific anti-Brucella antibodies among humans in agro-pastoral communities in Sengerema district, Mwanza, Tanzania: the need for public awareness