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Background  Third (infective)-stage  Gnathostoma spinigerum  larvae (L3) mainly cause human gnathostomiasis.  G. spinigerum  L3 migrate throughout the subcutaneous tissues, vital organs, and central nervous system and can cause various pathogenesis including sudden death. Interestingly,  G. spinigerum  L3 can survive and evade host cellular immunity for months or years. The effects of  G. spinigerum  excretory-secretory (ES) products involved in larval migration and immune-evasive strategies are unknown. Monocytes are innate immune cells that act as phagocytic and antigen-presenting cells and also play roles against helminthic infections via a complex interplay between other immune cells. Fc gamma receptor I (FcγRI) is a high-affinity receptor that is particularly expressed on monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. The cross-linking of FcγRI and antigen-antibody complex initiates signal transduction cascades in phagocytosis, cytokine production, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). This study investigated whether ES antigen (ESA) from  G. spinigerum  L3 affects monocyte functions.    Results  Cultures of normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) separated from healthy buffy coats were used as a human immune cell model. ESA was prepared from  G. spinigerum  L3 culture. Using Real-Time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), the effect of ESA to down-regulate FcγRI mRNA expression in monocytes during 90 min of observation was not well delineated. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a significant phenotypic-decreased FcγRI expression on the monocyte surface at 12 hours (h) of cultivation with the ESA ( p  = 0.033). Significantly reduced monocyte-mediated phagocytosis capacity was consistently observed after 12 h of ESA pretreatment ( p  = 0.001).    Conclusions  Our results suggest that  G. spinigerum  ESA modulates monocyte function via depletion of FcγRI expression. This study provides preliminary information for future in-depth studies to elucidate mechanisms of the immune-evasive strategy of  G. spinigerum  larvae.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s41182-016-0005-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

tropical medicine and health

Third-stage Gnathostoma spinigerum larva excretory secretory antigens modulate function of Fc gamma receptor I-mediated monocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cell culture