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Background  Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) are overexpressed on > 90% of pancreatic cancers (PnCa) and represent an attractive target for the development of novel therapies, including radioimmunotherapy (RIT). Our aim was to study RIT of subcutaneous (s.c.) PANC-1 human PnCa xenografts in mice using the anti-EGFR monoclonal antibody, panitumumab labeled with Auger electron (AE)-emitting,  111 In or β-particle emitting,  177 Lu at amounts that were non-toxic to normal tissues.    Results  Panitumumab was conjugated to DOTA chelators for complexing  111 In or  177 Lu (panitumumab-DOTA-[ 111 In]In and panitumumab-DOTA-[ 177 Lu]Lu) or to a metal-chelating polymer (MCP) with multiple DOTA to bind  111 In (panitumumab-MCP-[ 111 In]In). Panitumumab-DOTA-[ 177 Lu]Lu was more effective per MBq exposure at reducing the clonogenic survival in vitro of PANC-1 cells than panitumumab-DOTA-[ 111 In]In or panitumumab-MCP-[ 111 In]In. Panitumumab-DOTA-[ 177 Lu]Lu caused the greatest density of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the nucleus measured by immunofluorescence for γ-H2AX. The absorbed dose in the nucleus was 3.9-fold higher for panitumumab-DOTA-[ 177 Lu]Lu than panitumumab-DOTA-[ 111 In]In and 7.7-fold greater than panitumumab-MCP-[ 111 In]In. No normal tissue toxicity was observed in NOD/SCID mice injected intravenously (i.v.) with 10.0 MBq (10 μg; ~ 0.07 nmoles) of panitumumab-DOTA-[ 111 In]In or panitumumab-MCP-[ 111 In]In or in NRG mice injected i.v. with 6.0 MBq (10 μg; ~ 0.07 nmoles) of panitumumab-DOTA-[ 177 Lu]Lu. There was no decrease in complete blood cell counts (CBC) or increased serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or creatinine (Cr) or decreased body weight. RIT inhibited the growth of PANC-1 tumours but a 5-fold greater total amount of panitumumab-DOTA-[ 111 In]In or panitumumab-MCP-[ 111 In]In (30 MBq; 30 μg; ~ 0.21 nmoles) administered in three fractionated amounts every three weeks was required to achieve greater or equivalent tumour growth inhibition, respectively, compared to a single amount of panitumumab-DOTA-[ 177 Lu]Lu (6 MBq; 10 μg; ~ 0.07 nmoles). The tumour doubling time (TDT) for NOD/SCID mice with s.c. PANC-1 tumours treated with panitumumab-DOTA-[ 111 In]In or panitumumab-MCP-[ 111 In]In was 51.8 days and 28.1 days, respectively. Panitumumab was ineffective yielding a TDT of 15.3 days vs. 15.6 days for normal saline treated mice. RIT of NRG mice with s.c. PANC-1 tumours with 6.0 MBq (10 μg; ~ 0.07 nmoles) of panitumumab-DOTA-[ 177 Lu]Lu increased the TDT to 20.9 days vs. 11.5 days for panitumumab and 9.1 days for normal saline. The absorbed doses in PANC-1 tumours were 8.8 ± 3.0 Gy and 2.6 ± 0.3 Gy for panitumumab-DOTA-[ 111 In]In and panitumumab-MCP-[ 111 In]In, respectively, and 11.6 ± 4.9 Gy for panitumumab-DOTA-[ 177 Lu]Lu.    Conclusion  RIT with panitumumab labeled with Auger electron-emitting,  111 In or β-particle-emitting,  177 Lu inhibited the growth of s.c. PANC-1 tumours in NOD/SCID or NRG mice, at administered amounts that caused no normal tissue toxicity. We conclude that EGFR-targeted RIT is a promising approach to treatment of PnCa.    Supplementary Information   Supplementary information  accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s41181-020-00111-y.

ejnmmi radiopharmacy and chemistry

Radioimmunotherapy of PANC-1 human pancreatic cancer xenografts in NOD/SCID or NRG mice with Panitumumab labeled with Auger electron emitting, 111In or β-particle emitting, 177Lu