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Background Although recently strengthened immunosuppression protocols have decreased the incidence of clinical acute rejection of renal transplants, subclinical acute rejection and borderline changes remain problematic. This study was performed to evaluate the effects of antirejection therapies for early subclinical acute rejection and borderline changes. Methods In total, 269 renal transplant patients who received 3-month and 1-year protocol biopsies after renal transplantation were enrolled this study and divided into those with normal findings (Group A) and those with ≥ borderline changes (Group B) according to the 3-month pathological results. Pathological changes, graft function, and graft survival were evaluated at 1 year. Results The 3-month protocol biopsy revealed normal findings in 166 patients (Group A) and borderline changes and subclinical acute rejection in 103 patients (Group B). In Group A, 65.1% ( n  = 108) of the patients maintained normal findings at 1 year, while 30.1% ( n  = 50) deteriorated to ≥ borderline changes. In Group B, 52.4% ( n  = 54) of patients improved to normal. Among patients with subclinical acute rejection, 25.0% ( n  = 5) maintained subclinical acute rejection at 1 year despite antirejection therapy. The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate decreased from 60.4 ± 24.5 to 58.3 ± 19.0 mL/min/1.73 m 2  in Group A and from 57.2 ± 28.2 to 53.7 ± 20.3 mL/min/1.73 m 2  in Group B ( p  = 0.417). The 3-, 5-, and 7-year graft survival rates were 99.4%, 99.4%, and 97.6% in Group A and 100.0%, 98.6%, and 98.6% in Group B, respectively ( p  = 0.709). Conclusions Subclinical acute rejection is likely to recur. However, intervention for subclinical acute rejection in the early period after transplantation may help to prevent subsequent histological changes.

Effects of antirejection therapies for early subclinical acute rejection in renal transplant protocol biopsies