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Objectives  To explore the role of folate metabolism in 1,3-Butadiene (BD)'s genotoxicity, we conducted a match-up study in BD-exposed workers in China to analyze the associations between the polymorphisms of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase ( MTHFR ) and the chromosomal damage induced by BD exposure, and culture-based experiments in TK-6 cells to examine the global DNA methylation levels and chromosomal damage when exposed both to BD’s genotoxic metabolite, 1,2:3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB), and MTHFR’s direct catalytic product, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF).    Methods  Cytokinesis block micronucleus assay (CBMN) was used to examine the chromosomal damage induced by BD or DEB. Poisson regression models were produced to quantify the relationship of chromosomal damage and genetic polymorphisms in the BD-exposed workers. Global DNA methylation levels in TK6 cells were examined using DNA Methylation Quantification Kit.    Results  We found that BD-exposed workers carrying  MTHFR  C677T CC (2.00 ± 2.00‰) (FR = 0.36, 95%CI: 0.20–0.67,  P  < 0.01) or  MTHFR  C677T CT (2.87 ± 1.98‰) (FR = 0.49, 95%CI: 0.32–0.77,  P  < 0.01) genotypes had significantly lower nuclear bud (NBUD) frequencies than those carrying genotype  MTHFR  677 TT (5.33 ± 2.60‰), respectively. The results in TK6 cells showed that there was a significant increment in frequencies of micronucleus (MN), nucleoplasmic bridge (NPB) and nuclear bud (NBUD) with exposure to DEB at each 5-MTHF dose (ANOVA,  P  < 0.01). Additionally, there was a significant decrease in frequencies of MN, NPB and NBUD in DEB-exposed cultures with increasing concentration of 5-MTHF (ANOVA,  P  < 0.05). The levels of global DNA methylation were significantly decreased by DEB treatment in a dose-dependent manner within each 5-MTHF concentration in TK-6 cells (ANOVA,  P  < 0.01), and were significantly increased by 5-MTHF supplementation within each DEB concentration (ANOVA,  P  < 0.01).    Conclusion  We reported that folate metabolism could modify the association between BD exposure and chromosomal damage, and such effect may be partially mediated by DNA hypomethylation, and 5-MTHF supplementation could rescue it.

Folate metabolism modifies chromosomal damage induced by 1,3-butadiene: results from a match-up study in China and in vitro experiments