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The widely held belief that squat lifting should be preferred over stooplifting to prevent back injury is increasingly being challenged by recentbiomechanical evidence. However, most of these studies only focus on verylocalized parameters such as lumbar spine flexion, while evaluations ofwhole-body lifting strategies are largely lacking. For this reason, a novelindex, the Stoop-Squat-Index, was developed, which describes the proportionbetween trunk forward lean and lower extremity joint flexion, with possiblevalues ranging from 0 (full squat lifting) to 100 (full stoop lifting). Toenable the interpretation of the index in a real-life setting, normative valueswere established using motion capture data from 30 healthy pain-freeindividuals that were collected in the context of a previous study. The resultsshowed mean index values of lower than 30 and higher than 90 for the mostrelevant phases of the squat and stoop movements, respectively, with mean indexvalues differing significantly from each other for the full duration of thelifting phases. The main advantages of the index are that it is simple tocalculate and can not only be derived from motion capture data but also fromconventional video recordings, which enables large-scale in-field measurementswith relatively low expenditure. When used in combination with lumbar spineflexion measurements, the index can contribute important information, which isnecessary for comprehensively evaluating whole-body lifting strategies and toshed more light on the debate over the connection between lifting posture andback complaints.

The Stoop-Squat-Index: a simple but powerful measure for quantifying lifting behavior