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Background  Calmanostraca is a group of branchiopod eucrustaceans, with  Triops cancriformis  and  Lepidurus apus  as most prominent representatives. Both are regularly addressed with the inaccurate tag “living fossil”, suggesting that the morphology has remained stable for several millions of years. Yet,  T. cancriformis  and  L. apus  represent only a fraction of the morphological diversity occurring in Calmanostraca, comprising the two groups Notostraca and Kazacharthra. Notostracans, commonly called tadpole shrimps, comprise the two groups  Lepidurus  and  Triops  with their elongated and rather narrow (in dorsal view) head shields .  Kazacharthrans are exclusively fossil calmanostracans with broad and rather short shields, known from the Jurassic and Triassic period. One formation where fossil calmanostracans have been found is the Yixian Formation of northeastern China (Lower Cretaceous, 125–121 million years). It is part of the Jehol Group, an ecosystem known for its exceptionally well-preserved fossils, including vertebrates and plants, but also diverse arthropods. Two calmanostracan species have to date been described from the Yixian Formation,  Jeholops hongi  and  Chenops yixianensis .    Results  We describe here a new calmanostracan crustacean from the Yixian Formation,  Notostraca oleseni , and additionally a simple tool using a morphospace analysis to delineate different species. Measurements characterising the shield and trunk proportions of different calmanostracan species were performed, data were size-corrected, and used for this morphospace analysis to compare the different morphologies. As sclerotised body parts are more likely to be preserved in fossils than soft tissue, shields and parts of the trunk are in many cases the only morphological structures available for study. Therefore, the present analysis represents a simple tool for distinguishing between different species, as well as allowing the inclusion of specimens that are only preserved fragmentarily. Additionally, it provides a tool to demarcate the kazacharthran-like specimen described, but not formally named, by Wagner et al. (Paleontol Res. 22:57–63, 2018). Hence, we amended the description and name the species  Calmanostraca hassbergella .    Conclusion  Our results indicate a large diversity in shield and trunk morphology in calmanostracans, in contrast to their often claimed highly conserved and uniform morphology. Especially extinct forms such as  Notostraca oleseni  add up to this result and point to the species richness and morphological diversity within Calmanostraca.

zoological letters

A new calmanostracan crustacean species from the Cretaceous Yixian Formation and a simple approach for differentiating fossil tadpole shrimps and their relatives