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Background  The terrestrial slug  Limax  has long been used as a model for the study of olfactory information processing and odor learning. Olfactory inputs from the olfactory epithelium are processed in the tentacular ganglion and then in the procerebrum. Glutamate and acetylcholine are the major neurotransmitters used in the procerebrum. Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH 2  (FMRFamide) has been shown to be involved in the regulation of the network activity of the procerebrum. Although there are thought to be various RFamide family peptides other than FMRFamide that are potentially recognized by anti-FMRFamide antibody in the central nervous system of mollusks, identifying the entire repertoire of RFamide peptides in  Limax  has yet to be achieved.    Methods  In the present study, we made a comprehensive search for RFamide peptide-encoding genes from the transcriptome data of  Limax , and identified 12 genes. The expression maps of these RFamide genes were constructed by in situ hybridization in the cerebral ganglia including the procerebrum, and in the superior/inferior tentacles.    Results  Ten of 12 genes were expressed in the procerebrum, and nine of 12 genes were expressed in the tentacular ganglia. Gly-Ser-Leu-Phe-Arg-Phe-NH 2  (GSLFRFamide), which is encoded by two different genes, LFRFamide1 (Leu-Phe-Arg-Phe-NH 2 –1) and LFRFamide2 (Leu-Phe-Arg-Phe-NH 2 –2), decreased the oscillatory frequency of the local field potential oscillation in the procerebrum when exogenously applied in vitro. We also found by immunohistochemistry that the neurons expressing pedal peptide send efferent projections from the procerebrum back to the tentacular ganglion.    Conclusion  Our findings suggest the involvement of a far wider variety of RFamide family peptides in the olfactory information processing in  Limax  than previously thought.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s40851-018-0108-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

RFamidergic neurons in the olfactory centers of the terrestrial slug Limax