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Background  Although the tearing of tissues during castration is forbidden in the EU, it is still routinely applied in many countries. The goal of this study was to evaluate vocalizations and movements of male piglets undergoing castration by applying different techniques and pain treatments based on scores under practical conditions (Trial 1,  n  = 50) and to investigate anatomical features after castration of dead piglets with different techniques (Trial 2,  n  = 28).    Results  In Trial 1, treatment groups did not significantly influence the duration of castration. Both the duration of vocalization and the scores for vocalizations and movements were lower in piglets castrated under general anesthesia ( P  < 0.05). Behavior scores in conscious piglets did not differ. The incision and extraction caused lower vocalizations and movements than the pulling and severing of spermatic cords ( P  < 0.01). Movements were more intense during tearing of the spermatic cords than during cutting at the first and second severing ( P  < 0.01). In both trials, the remains of spermatic cords protruded tendentially more often from castration wounds after severing by tearing ( P  < 0.09). In Trial 2, the minimum, mean and maximum lengths of the testicles and spermatic cords were extended when severing was realized by tearing ( P  < 0.01). The mean relative testicle weight of 1.05‰ in dead piglets castrated by tearing was larger than that in dead piglets castrated by cutting (0.91‰) ( P  < 0.05).    Conclusions  The trials uncovered significant differences between behavior expressed by piglets castrated by tearing or cutting, indicating a higher pain level in the tearing group. It was found that the castration technique tearing increased the amount of removed tissues and might cause intraabdominal damage to the remaining tissues and vessels in a yet unknown dimension. These findings should be considered for implementation and stricter enforcement of the ban on tearing for castration.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40813-021-00200-7.

Impact of tearing spermatic cords during castration in live and dead piglets and consequences on welfare