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Background  Vitamin D status in pregnancy and offspring bone health effects are well established, yet limited knowledge exists on the effect of maternal vitamin D status on offspring size/adiposity. This study examines the association of early (13 weeks), late (28 weeks) pregnancy and neonatal (umbilical) 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) on offspring size/adiposity.    Methods  This analysis included mother-infant pairs from the ROLO study at birth ( n  = 292), 6–9 months ( n  = 160) and 2–2.5 years ( n  = 287) postpartum.    Results  Using Institute of Medicine 2011 Report criteria, 30% of women in early pregnancy and 38% in late pregnancy were at risk of vitamin D deficiency (25OHD < 30 nmol/L). Birthweight was negatively associated with early-pregnancy 25OHD ( p  = 0.004) and neonatal 25OHD ( p  < 0.001). Birth length was not associated with 25OHD. Neonatal measures of overall adiposity were negatively associated with neonatal 25OHD ( p  = 0.001, and  p  = <0.001 respectively). At 2–2.5 years there was a negative association between weight-for-age z-score and early-pregnancy 25OHD ( p  < 0.041).    Conclusions  Maternal and neonatal 25OHD were negatively associated with offspring size/adiposity at birth and offspring weight-for-age at 2–2.5 years. Results may not reflect a general population replete in vitamin D, due to high prevalence of macrosomia and high risk of deficiency in this cohort. Improvement of pregnancy vitamin D status remains a public health concern.    Trial registration  Current Controlled Trials  ISRCTN54392969 . 22/04/2009 retrospectively registered.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40795-017-0184-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc nutrition

An examination of whether associations exist between maternal and neonatal 25OHD and infant size and adiposity at birth, 6–9 months and 2–2.5 years of age – a longitudinal observational study from the ROLO study