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Background   Tuberculosis  is an infectious disease usually caused by  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  bacteria. The global emergence of mono- or multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and extensively drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis pose a considerable challenge to tuberculosis control programs. There has been no reliable and organized data on trends and drug resistance of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  in the study area. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the trends of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  and rifampicin resistance in the Adigrat General Hospital, eastern Zone of Tigrai, North Ethiopia.    Methods  A hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at Adigrat General Hospital from January 2015 to 2018.Data was collected retrospectively from the GeneXpert ™  TB registration book using a data extraction format. Data was entered into Epi-Info 3.1 and subsequently exported and analyzed using SPSS Version 20.The results were summarized using descriptive statistics, tables, and figures. Bivariate and multi-variant regression analysis was employed to measure the association between dependent and independent variables.  P  values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.    Result  A total of 5944  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  presumptive patients were included in the study. The majority of the study participants were male (58.1%) with participants’ median age of 40.0 (IQR 26–57) years, the majority were 30–44 years. The overall positive cases of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  was 24.3% (1446) with a total of 132 (9.1%) found to be resistant to rifampicin. Of the total confirmed positive cases 8.7% (103/1188) and 11.2% (29/258) were rifampicin resistance of presumptive tuberculosis and presumptive drug resistance tuberculosis patients respectively. Age, the reason for diagnosis, site of presumptive tuberculosis, and/or being HIV infected showed significant association with our dependent variable; however, only age and being HIV infected were associated with rifampicin resistance.    Conclusion  In our study, the overall trends of  Mycobacterium tuberculosis  and rifampicin resistance were found to be high. Rifampicin resistance is more common in patients with HIV and presumptive drug resistance tuberculosis individuals. Therefore, maximizing early detection of drug-resistant and strengthening tuberculosis infection control activities are recommended to reduce the burden of this contagious and potentially deadly disease.

Trends of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance in Adigrat General Hospital, Eastern zone of Tigrai, North Ethiopia