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Background  To explore the effects of topographical modification of titanium substrates at submicron level by oxalic acid treatment on bone quality and quantity around dental implants in rabbit tibiae.    Methods  A total of 60 blasted CP-grade IV titanium dental implants were used. Twenty-eight control implant surfaces were treated with a mixture of HCl/H 2 SO 4 , whereas 28 other test implant surfaces were treated with oxalic acid following HCl/H 2 SO 4  treatment. Two randomly selected sets of control or test implants were placed in randomly selected proximal tibiae of 14 female Japanese white rabbits. Euthanasia was performed 4 and 8 weeks post-implant placement. Bone to implant contact (BIC), bone area fraction (BAF), ratios of mature and immature bone to total bone, and the amount and types of collagen fibers were evaluated quantitatively. Two control and two test implants were used to analyze surface characteristics.    Results  Treatment by oxalic acid significantly decreased Sa and increased Ra of test implant surfaces. BIC in test implants was increased without alteration of BAF and collagen contents at 4 and 8 weeks after implant placement when compared with control implants. The ratios of immature and mature bone to total bone differed significantly between groups at 4 weeks post-implantation. Treatment by oxalic acid increased type I collagen and decreased type III collagen in bone matrices around test implants when compared with control implants at 8 weeks after implant placement. The effects of topographical changes of implant surfaces induced by oxalic acid on BAF, mature bone, collagen contents, and type I collagen were significantly promoted with decreased immature bone formation and type III collagen in the later 4 weeks post-implantation.    Conclusions  Treatment of implant surfaces with oxalic acid rapidly increases osseointegration from the early stages after implantation. Moreover, submicron topographical changes of dental implants induced by oxalic acid improve bone quality based on bone maturation and increased production of type I collagen surrounding dental implants in the late stage after implant placement.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40729-020-00275-x.

Effects of surface sub-micrometer topography following oxalic acid treatment on bone quantity and quality around dental implants in rabbit tibiae