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Background  Integrated PET/MRI with hyperpolarized  13 C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging ( 13 C-MRSI) offers simultaneous, dual-modality metabolic imaging. A prerequisite for the use of simultaneous imaging is the absence of interference between the two modalities. This has been documented for a clinical whole-body system using simultaneous  1 H-MRI and PET but never for  13 C-MRSI and PET. Here, the feasibility of simultaneous PET and  13 C-MRSI as well as hyperpolarized  13 C-MRSI in an integrated whole-body PET/MRI hybrid scanner is evaluated using phantom experiments.    Methods  Combined PET and  13 C-MRSI phantoms including a NEMA [ 18 F]-FDG phantom,  13 C-acetate and  13 C-urea sources, and hyperpolarized  13 C-pyruvate were imaged repeatedly with PET and/or  13 C-MRSI. Measurements evaluated for interference effects included PET activity values in the largest sphere and a background region; total number of PET trues; and  13 C-MRSI signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for urea and acetate phantoms. Differences between measurement conditions were evaluated using  t  tests.    Results  PET and  13 C-MRSI data acquisition could be performed simultaneously without any discernible artifacts. The average difference in PET activity between acquisitions with and without simultaneous  13 C-MRSI was 0.83 (largest sphere) and −0.76 % (background). The average difference in net trues was −0.01 %. The average difference in  13 C-MRSI SNR between acquisitions with and without simultaneous PET ranged from −2.28 to 1.21 % for all phantoms and measurement conditions. No differences were significant. The system was capable of  13 C-MRSI of hyperpolarized  13 C-pyruvate.    Conclusions  Simultaneous PET and  13 C-MRSI in an integrated whole-body PET/MRI hybrid scanner is feasible. Phantom experiments showed that possible interference effects introduced by acquiring data from the two modalities simultaneously are small and non-significant. Further experiments can now investigate the benefits of simultaneous PET and hyperpolarized  13 C-MRI in vivo studies.

Simultaneous PET/MRI with 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (hyperPET): phantom-based evaluation of PET quantification