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Background  To evaluate the accuracy of  11 C-acetate Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging (PET/MRI) in bladder cancer (BC) staging and monitoring response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC).    Methods  Eighteen patients were prospectively enrolled. Fifteen treatment naive patients underwent  11 C-acetate PET/MRI before transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUR-BT) for primary tumor evaluation. Five patients with muscle invasive BC were imaged after NAC and prior to radical cystectomy (RC) with extended pelvic lymph node dissection (ePLND) for NAC treatment response evaluation. Two patients were part of both cohorts.  11 C-acetate PET/MRI findings were correlated with histopathology. Accuracy for lymph node detection was evaluated on patient and the ePLND template (10 regions) levels.    Results  The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of  11 C-acetate PET/MRI for the detection of muscle invasive BC was 1.00, 0.69 and 0.73 while the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (95% confidence interval) was 0.85 (0.55–1.0), respectively. All five NAC patients underwent chemotherapy as planned and  11 C-acetate PET/MRI correctly staged three patients, overstaged one and understaged one patient compared with RC and ePLND findings. A total of 175 lymph node were removed, median of 35 (range, 27–43) per patient in five patients who had RC and ePLND while 12 (7%) harboured metastases. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and AUC for N-staging were 0.20, 0.96, 0.80 and 0.58 on the ePLND template (10 regions) level.    Conclusions   11 C-acetate PET/MRI is feasible for staging of BC although sensitivity for the detection of nodal metastases is low. Monitoring response to NAC shows promise and warrants evaluation in larger studies.    Trial registration  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:  NCT01918592 , registered August 8 2013

cancer imaging

11C-acetate PET/MRI in bladder cancer staging and treatment response evaluation to neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a prospective multicenter study (ACEBIB trial)