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Background  Non-invasive and lung-protective ventilation techniques may improve outcomes for patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or moderate acute respiratory distress syndrome by reducing airway pressures. These less invasive techniques can fail due to hypercapnia and require transitioning patients to invasive mechanical ventilation. Extracorporeal CO 2  removal devices remove CO 2  independent of the lungs thereby controlling the hypercapnia and permitting non-invasive or lung-protective ventilation techniques. We are developing the Modular Extracorporeal Lung Assist System as a platform technology capable of providing three levels of respiratory assist: adult and pediatric full respiratory support and adult low-flow CO 2  removal. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vivo performance of our device to achieve low-flow CO 2  removal.    Methods  The Modular Extracorporeal Lung Assist System was connected to 6 healthy sheep via a 15.5 Fr dual-lumen catheter placed in the external jugular vein. The animals were recovered and tethered within a pen while supported by the device for 7 days. The pump speed was set to achieve a targeted blood flow of 500 mL/min. The extracorporeal CO 2  removal rate was measured daily at a sweep gas independent regime. Hematological parameters were measured pre-operatively and regularly throughout the study. Histopathological samples of the end organs were taken at the end of each study.    Results  All animals survived the surgery and generally tolerated the device well. One animal required early termination due to a pulmonary embolism. Intra-device thrombus formation occurred in a single animal due to improper anticoagulation. The average CO 2  removal rate (normalized to an inlet pCO 2  of 45 mmHg) was 75.6 ± 4.7 mL/min and did not significantly change over the course of the study ( p  > 0.05). No signs of consistent hemolysis or end organ damage were observed.    Conclusion  These in vivo results indicate positive performance of the Modular Extracorporeal Lung Assist System as a low-flow CO 2  removal device.

In vivo testing of the low-flow CO2 removal application of a compact, platform respiratory device