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We investigated the effects of fault parameter uncertainty on the deterministic assessment of tsunami hazards for the submarine and coastal active faults in the Sea of Japan that were recently modeled by the Integrated Research Project on Seismic and Tsunami Hazards around the Sea of Japan. A key parameter in scenario-based tsunami assessment is the fault slip amount, which is usually calculated from empirical scaling relations that relate the fault size to the slip. We examined four methods to estimate the fault slip amounts and compared the coastal tsunami heights from the slip amounts obtained by two different empirical relations. The resultant coastal tsunami heights were strongly affected by the choice of scaling relation, particularly the fault aspect ratio (fault length/fault width). The geometric means of the coastal tsunami heights calculated from the two methods ranged from 0.69 to 4.30 with an average of 2.01. We also evaluated the effects of fault slip angles, which are also important parameters for controlling coastal tsunami heights, by changing the slip angles for faults in the southwestern and central parts of the Sea of Japan, where the strike-slip faults are concentrated. The effects of uncertainty of the fault slip angles (± 30° from the standard) on the coastal tsunami heights were revealed to be equal to or greater than those resulting from the choice of scaling relations; the geometric means of the coastal tsunami heights from the modified fault slip angles relative to the standard fault slip angles ranged from 0.23 to 5.88. Another important characteristic is that the locations of the maximum coastal tsunami height and the spatial pattern of the coastal tsunami heights can change with varying fault slip angles. Graphical Abstract

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Effects of uncertainty in fault parameters on deterministic tsunami hazard assessment: examples for active faults along the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan