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In this paper, we perform the numerical modelling of lower-band VLF chorus in the earth’s magnetosphere. Assuming parallel propagation the 1d3v code has one spatial dimension z along the ambient magnetic field, which has a parabolic z dependence about the equator. The method used is Vlasov Hybrid Simulation (VHS) also known in the literature as the method of Kinetic Phase Point Trajectories (Nunn in Computer Physics Comms 60:1–25, 1990, J Computational Phys 108(1):180–196, 1993; Kazeminezhad et al. in Phys Rev E67:026704, 2003). The method is straightforward and easy to program, and robust against distribution function filamentation. Importantly, VHS does not invoke unphysical smoothing of the distribution function. Previous versions of the VLF/VHS code had a narrow bandwidth ~ 100 Hz, which enabled simulation of a wide variety of discrete triggered emissions. The present quasi-broadband VHS code has a bandwidth of ~ 3000 Hz, which is far more realistic for the simulation of chorus in its entirety. Further, the quasi-broadband code does not require artificial saturation, and does not need to employ matched filtering to accommodate large spatial frequency gradients. The aim of this paper which has been achieved is to produce VLF chorus Vlasov simulations employing a systematic variety of triggering input signals, namely key down, single pulse, PLHR, and broadband hiss. Graphical Abstract

The numerical simulation of the generation of lower-band VLF chorus using a quasi-broadband Vlasov Hybrid Simulation code