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Background  The role of excessive adiposity or its metabolic consequences in persistent HPV infection among general adult women remains unknown.    Methods  Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 2003–2010, we compared adult women’s likelihood for any- or high-risk (HR) type HPV infection by degrees of excessive adiposity and metabolic health status.    Results  Any-type (41.1 % vs. 44.9 %,  P  = 0.045) or HR-type HPV prevalence (21.9 % vs. 25.4 %,  P  = 0.055) was comparable in women aged 20–59 years with or without central obesity. After adjusting for age, socioeconomic indicators, and lifetime sexual risks, centrally-obese women barely showed a different likelihood for any-type (aPR [adjusted prevalence ratio] = 0.91,  P  = 0.03) or HR-HPV infection (aPR = 0.92,  P  = 0.279). However, obesity (aPR = 0.76,  P  = 0.017) or centrally-obesity (aPR = 0.72,  P  = 0.003) was negatively correlated with HR-HPV infection in women reporting an early sex debut (&lt;16 years; P for interaction &lt;0.05). In the fasting subpopulation, obesity (aPR = 0.77,  P  = 0.016) or metabolically unhealthy obesity (aPR = 0.69,  P  = 0.018) was significantly correlated with a 23 % or 31 % reduced prevalence of HR-HPV infection.    Discussion  In contrary to findings for the general population, HR-HPV prevalence was decreased in a subgroup of women with obesity or central obesity. Possible explanations for such heterogeneity included less risky sexual behaviors, an altered immune milieu that promoted viral clearance, and increased access to healthcare resources due to other obesity-related co-morbidities in this subpopulation.    Conclusions  Obesity or central obesity was not significantly associated with prevalent any-type or HR-type HPV infection among adult women in general. However, in certain subpopulations, excessive adiposity or its relevant metabolic dysfunction was negatively associated with HR-HPV infection.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40608-015-0071-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Excessive adiposity, metabolic health, and risks for genital human papillomavirus infection in adult women: a population-based cross-sectional study