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Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is reported as the second most common nosocomial infection among critically ill patients with the incidence ranging from 2 to 16 episodes per 1000 ventilator days. The use of probiotics has been shown to have a promising effect in many RCTs. Our systematic review and meta-analysis were thus planned to determine the effect of probiotic use in critically ill ventilated adult patients on the incidence of VAP, length of hospital stay, length of ICU stay, duration of mechanical ventilation, the incidence of diarrhea, and the incidence of oropharyngeal colonization and in-hospital mortality.    Methodology  Systematic search of various databases (such as Embase, Cochrane, and Pubmed), published journals, clinical trials, and abstracts of the various major conferences were made to obtain the RCTs which compare probiotics with placebo for VAP prevention. The results were expressed as risk ratios or mean differences. Data synthesis was done using statistical software - Review Manager (RevMan) Version 5.4 (The Cochrane Collaboration, 2020).    Results  Nine studies met our inclusion criterion and were included in the meta-analysis. The incidence of VAP (risk ratio: 0.70, CI 0.56, 0.88;  P  = 0.002;  I  2  = 37%), duration of mechanical ventilation (mean difference −3.75, CI −6.93, −0.58;  P  0.02;  I  2  = 96%), length of ICU stay (mean difference −4.20, CI −6.73, −1.66;  P  = 0.001;  I  2  = 84%) and in-hospital mortality (OR 0.73, CI 0.54, 0.98;  P  = 0.04;  I  2  = 0%) in the probiotic group was significantly lower than that in the control group. Probiotic administration was not associated with a statistically significant reduction in length of hospital stay (MD −1.94, CI −7.17, 3.28;  P  = 0.47;  I  2  = 88%), incidence of oro-pharyngeal colonization (OR 0.59, CI 0.33, 1.04;  P  = 0.07;  I  2  = 69%), and incidence of diarrhea (OR 0.59, CI 0.34, 1.03;  P  = 0.06;  I  2  = 38%).    Discussion  Our meta-analysis shows that probiotic administration has a promising role in lowering the incidence of VAP, the duration of mechanical ventilation, length of ICU stay, and in-hospital mortality.

journal of intensive care

Efficacy of probiotics in the prevention of VAP in critically ill ICU patients: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trials