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Background  Accurate and early identification of infection sites might help to drive crucial decisions regarding the treatment of sepsis. We aimed to determine the clinical and etiological features of infection according to sites among patients with severe sepsis in Japan.    Methods  This secondary analysis of a multicenter, prospective cohort study included 59 intensive care units (ICU) and proceeded between January 2016 and March 2017. The study cohort comprised 1184 adults (≥ 16 years) who were admitted to an ICU with severe sepsis and septic shock diagnosed according to the sepsis-2 criteria. Sites of infection diagnosed by physicians in charge at the time of arrival comprised the lung, abdomen, urinary tract, soft tissue, bloodstream, central nervous system (CNS), and undifferentiated infections. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality.    Results  The most common sites of infection were the lungs (31.0%), followed by intra-abdominal sites (26.3%), the urinary tract (18.4%), and soft tissue (10.9%). The characteristics of the patients with severe sepsis across seven major suspected infection sites were heterogeneous. Septic shock was more frequent among patients with intra-abdominal (72.2%) and urinary tract (70.2%) infections than other sites. The in-hospital mortality rate due to severe sepsis and septic shock of a pooled sample was 23.4% (range, 11.9% [urinary tract infection] to 47.6% [CNS infection]). After adjusting for clinical background, sepsis severity, and stratification according to the presence or absence of shock, variations in hospital mortality across seven major sites of infection remained essentially unchanged from those for crude in-hospital mortality; adjusted in-hospital mortality rates ranged from 7.7% (95%CI, − 0.3 to 15.8) for urinary tract infection without shock to 58.3% (95%CI, 21.0–95.7) for CNS infection with shock in a generalized estimating equation model. Intra-abdominal and urinary tract infections were statistically associated with less in-hospital mortality than pneumonia. Infections of the CNS were statistically associated with higher in-hospital mortality rates than pneumonia in a logistic regression model, but not in the generalized estimating equation model.    Conclusions  In-hospital mortality and clinical features of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock were heterogeneous according to sites of infection.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s40560-019-0383-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Variations in infection sites and mortality rates among patients in intensive care units with severe sepsis and septic shock in Japan