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In today’s knowledge-based economy, with its rapidly changing job requirements, cognitive competencies have been identified as a crucial prerequisite for social and economic engagement (OECD [Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development] 2012). The number of available routine and manual labor tasks is in decline, while the demand for high-level cognitive and information-processing competencies is rising (OECD 2013). Individuals who lack the necessary competencies have difficulty finding employment and face depreciation of the competencies they do possess when they are not put to use. An inventory of the existing competencies of nations’ workforces is therefore necessary to identify deficits and their consequences. In October 2013, the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) provided up-to-date information on the competencies of the adult populations in 24 countries. Nine more countries followed in June 2016, with five more countries scheduled to follow in the third round of the survey. The data is of high quality, based on an extensive sample in each country and collected according to robust methodological standards (Rammstedt and Maehler 2014), enabling meaningful international comparisons. This special issue of Large-Scale Assessments in Education features four papers that have used the rich database that PIAAC offers to provide new insights into a number of topics. These include the relationships between competencies and education, labor market outcomes (such as incomes), and personality. Three articles also address specific methodological aspects of PIAAC, such as the coverage of the migrant population, test-taking engagement in large-scale assessments, and measurement invariance in the motivation-to-learn scale for group comparisons across countries. The issue also features a paper on PIAAC-Longitudinal (PIAAC-L), a follow-up study of German PIAAC respondents in three further waves (2014, 2015, 2016). As a group, the articles in this special issue recommend potential policy actions to tackle problems associated with skill inequality and propose useful further research avenues to deepen understanding of these problems. They also offer suggestions for methodological advancements in PIAAC. Open Access

large-scale assessments in education

Introduction to the special issue on Results, Methodological Aspects, and Advancements of the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC)