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Background  TCP-domain proteins, plant specific transcription factors, play important roles in various developmental processes. CIN-TCPs control leaf curvature in simple leaf species while regulate leaf complexity in compound leaf species. However, the knowledge was largely based on findings in few model species. To extend our knowledge on this group of proteins in Solanaceae species, we identified a  CIN - TCP  gene from petunia, and studied its functions using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS).    Results  Consistently, silencing of  CIN - TCPs  increases complexity of tomato leaves, and enhances leaf curvature in  Nicotiana benthamiana . However, in petunia ( Petunia hybrida ), silencing of petunia  LA , a  CIN - TCP , through VIGS did not obviously affect leaf shape. The silencing, however, enhanced petal curvature. The event was associated with petal expansion at the distal portion where epidermal cell size along the midribs was also increased. The enlarged epidermal cells became flattened. Although shapes of  PhLA -silenced flowers largely resemble  phmyb1  mutant phenotype,  PhMYB1  expression was not affected when  PhLA  was specifically silenced. Therefore, both PhLA and PhMYB1 are required to regulate flower morphology. In corolla,  PhLA  and  miR319  deferentially express in different regions with strong expressions in limb and tube region respectively.    Conclusions  In conclusion, unlike  LA -like genes in tomato and  N. benthamiana , PhLA plays a more defined role in flower morphogenesis, including petal curvature and epidermal cell differentiation.

Silencing of PhLA, a CIN-TCP gene, causes defected petal conical epidermal cell formation and results in reflexed corolla lobes in petunia