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Background  In the United States and Canada, ca. one-half of native orchid species are now threatened with extinction. A number of these species are restricted to tallgrass prairies of central North America, such as the Eastern Prairie Fringed Orchid,  Platanthera leucophaea  (Nutt.) Lindl.—a U.S. Federally threatened species.    Results  We provide new records of fungi recovered from roots of  P. leucophaea  and five other orchid species inhabiting prairie sites in Illinois and neighboring states during a 10-year period (2008–2017). A total of 39 fungal endophytes were isolated from  Cypripedium candidum  (1),  Platanthera lacera  (1),  P. leucophaea  (32),  P. peramoena  (3),  Spiranthes lacera  (1), and  S. magnicamporum  (1), 31 (79%) of which were assignable to  Ceratobasidium  and the remainder to  Tulasnella . These fungi were acquired from 16 different sites, 13 of which are new records including two new state records (Iowa, Wisconsin). Molecular analysis revealed that some  Ceratobasidium  strains were virtually identical despite being geographically isolated by > 300 km.    Conclusions  This study, encompassing a decade of work, confirms that  Platanthera leucophaea  is a mycorrhizal specialist with heavy reliance on  Ceratobasidium  with the tallgrass prairie ecosystem of North America. Our isolation of  Ceratobasidium  from  P. leucophaea  spanning additional sites suggests that the association is widespread. Such information should provide conservationists and land managers with more confidence in developing protocols that facilitate the long-term conservation of this prairie orchid.

botanical studies

Further evidence of Ceratobasidium D.P. Rogers (Basidiomycota) serving as the ubiquitous fungal associate of Platanthera leucophaea (Orchidaceae) in the North American tallgrass prairie