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Background   Acanthus ilicifolius var. xiamenensis  (Acanthaceae) is an old world mangrove species and has long been used as a folk remedy for treating various ailments in traditional medicine. The nature source of  A. ilicifolius var. xiamenensis  is now in short supply because of the urban development and habitat destruction. To better utilize this resource, biodiversity and bioactivity of endophytic fungi isolated from  A. ilicifolius var. xiamenensis  were investigated.    Results  A total of 168 fungal isolates were cultured from leaves and stems of the mangrove plant collected in January (winter) and July (summer) 2014 at Kinmen County, Taiwan. Spent culture extract of 28 isolates were found to have bioactivities against one of the following pathogenic microorganisms: the bacteria  Bacillus subtilis ,  Staphylococcus aureus  (Gram-positive) and  Escherichia coli  (Gram-negative) and the fungi  Candida albicans  and  Cryptococcus neoformans . These positive extracts were mostly active against the Gram-positive bacteria and  C. albicans .  Corynespora cassiicola  NTOU4889 and  Xylaria  sp. NTOU4900 inhibited growth of all 3 test bacteria whereas  Phellinus noxius  NTOU4917 inhibited both test fungi. A further anti-inflammatory study of culture extracts of these 28 isolates revealed that extracts with a high iNOS inhibition caused a low viability of cells, and those with a low iNOS inhibition had a high cell viability. Three extracts showed low cytotoxicity (i.e. > 100% cell viability) and high iNOS inhibition (< 15% of NO production) of cells and they were  Phoma  sp. 2 NTOU4338,  Nodulisporium  sp. NTOU4868 and  Guignardia  sp. NTOU4871.    Conclusion  These results indicate that the endophytic fungi associated with  A. ilicifolius var. xiamenensis  can be a potential source of novel natural active substance.

Antimicrobial and iNOS inhibitory activities of the endophytic fungi isolated from the mangrove plant Acanthus ilicifolius var. xiamenensis