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Background   Gastrodia elata , a mycoheterotrophic orchid, is a well-known medicinal herb. In nature, the seed germination of  G. elata  requires proper fungal association, because of the absence of endosperm. To germinate successfully,  G. elata  obtains nutrition from mycorrhizal fungi such as  Mycena . However,  Mycena  is not able to supply nutrition for the further development and enlargement of protocorms into tubers, flowering and fruit setting of  G. elata . To date, current genomic studies on this topic are limited. Here we used the proteomic approach to explore changes in  G. elata  at different stages of symbiotic germination.    Results  Using mass spectrometry, 3787 unique proteins were identified, of which 599 were classified as differentially accumulated proteins. Most of these differentially accumulated proteins were putatively involved in energy metabolism, plant defense, molecular signaling, and secondary metabolism. Among them, the defense genes (e.g., pathogenesis-/wound-related proteins, peroxidases, and serine/threonine-protein kinase) were highly expressed in late-stage protocorms, suggesting that fungal colonization triggered the significant defense responses of  G. elata .    Conclusions  The present study indicated the metabolic change and defensive reaction could disrupt the balance between  Mycena  and  G. elata  during mycorrhizal symbiotic germination.

Revealing proteins associated with symbiotic germination of Gastrodia elata by proteomic analysis