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Background  The environmental stresses caused by climate change have become more severe in recent decades, affecting tree growth and physiology. Tropical forests have great potential for global carbon sequestration. However, they suffer from heavy rainfall and prolonged dry periods due to climate change.  Swietenia macrophylla  King and  Melia azedarach  L. are economically valuable trees that are widely planted in southern Taiwan. Plantations are exposed to either prolonged dry periods or heavy rainfall within the seasons of tropical monsoon areas. Photo-physiological comparisons may provide information that can improve management of  S. macrophylla  and  M. azedarach  plantations in tropical regions.    Results  Both species exhibited a midday depression in leaf photosynthesis regardless of the season. The net photosynthetic rate ( P   N ), stomatal conductance ( g   s ), and transpiration rate ( E ) in the dry season all significantly decreased in both tree species. In addition,  M. azedarach  used water more efficiently than did  S. macrophylla  during the dry season, but  S. macrophylla  had higher  P   N  compared with that in  M. azedarach  during the wet season. Temperature and vapor pressure deficit influenced  P   N  variation in  S. macrophylla  and  M. azedarach , respectively. Our data suggested that the  P   N  and  g   s  of  M. azedarach , but not of  S. macrophylla , were linearly correlated during the dry season. The reduction of the leaf area was more sever in  M. azedarach  than in  S. macrophylla , thus preventing water loss more efficiently.    Conclusions    M. azedarach  adapted to drought by reducing total leaf area and maintaining higher  P   N ,  g   s ,  E , and WUE compared with those measured in  S. macrophylla  during the dry season.  M. azedarach  is more drought adaptation and more suitable for both humid and semi-humid areas than  S. macrophylla , whereas the latter should be limited to more humid areas.

Photosynthetic gas exchange responses of Swietenia macrophylla King and Melia azedarach L. plantations under drought conditions