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Background    Kappaphycus  are farmed in tropical countries as raw material for carrageenan, which is widely used in food industry. The sea area available for farming is one limiting factor in the production of seaweeds. Though cultivation is spreading into subtropical regions, the lower seawater temperature is an important problem encountered in subtropical regions for the farming of  Kappaphycus . This research of physiological response to low temperature stress will be helpful for screening  Kappaphycus  strains for growth in a lower temperature environment.    Results  Responses of antioxidant systems and photosystem II (PSII) behaviors in  Kappaphycus alvarezii  and  Kappaphycus striatum  were evaluated during low temperature treatments (23, 20, 17 °C). Compared with the controls at 26 °C, the H 2 O 2  concentrations increased in both species when the thalli were exposed to low temperatures (23, 20, 17 °C), but these increases were much greater in  K. striatum  than in  K. alvarezii  thalli, suggesting that  K. striatum  suffered more oxidative stress. The activities of some important antioxidant enzymes (e.g. superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase) and the hydroxyl free radical scavenging capacity were substantially higher at 23, 20 and 17 °C than at the control 26 °C in  K. alvarezii , indicating that the antioxidant system of  K. alvarezii  enhanced its resistance to low temperature. However, no significant increases of antioxidant enzymes activities were observed at 20 and 17 °C in  K. striatum . In addition, both the maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry (F V /F m ) and the performance index (PI ABS ) decreased significantly in  K. striatum  at 23 °C, indicating that the photosynthetic apparatus was damaged at 23 °C. In contrast, no significant decreases of either F V /F m  or PI ABS  were observed in  K. alvarezii  at 23 °C.    Conclusions  It is concluded that  K. alvarezii  has greater tolerance to low temperature than  K. striatum.

botanical studies

Antioxidant responses and photosynthetic behaviors of Kappaphycus alvarezii and Kappaphycus striatum (Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae) during low temperature stress