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Background   Mimosa pigra  is an invasive weed in some regions of South East Asia and Australia. Our previous study has revealed that a cyanobacterium,  Nostoc  sp., extract can inhibit root growth in  M. pigra  seedlings. In this study, some physiological processes involve oxidative stress-mediated cell death and root ultrastructure were investigated to clarify the mechanisms of root growth suppression and bioherbicidal potential of the extract.    Results   Nostoc  sp. extract enhanced overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at 24 h, the intensity of red fluorescence increased at 72 h, and caused a slightly increased H 2 O 2  consistent with the activation of scavenging enzymes (catalase, ascorbic acid peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and peroxidases). This suggests that oxidative stress occurred in the presence of the extract which was supported by increased cell death and lipid peroxidation at 24 h. Reduction of malondialdehyde content and an increase in cell death at 72 h indicated oxidative damage and cellular leakage. Ultrastructural changes were determined at 72 h by scanning electron micrographs which confirmed the damage of epidermal and root cap cells and the disaggregation and destruction of root tip cells. Transmission electron micrographs showed the dissolution of the middle lamella, deposition of some substances in vacuoles, and abnormal mitochondria (swollen mitochondria and indistinct cristae).    Conclusions   Nostoc  sp. extract enhance oxidative stress by ROS production resulting in lipid peroxidation and massive cell death despite the activation of antioxidative enzymes. Understanding mechanism of action of  Nostoc  sp. extract will provide information for application of the extract to use as natural herbicide for control of  M. pigra .    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40529-014-0081-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Nostoc sp. extract induces oxidative stress-mediated root cell destruction in Mimosa pigra L.