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Mitochondria are critical for the function and maintenance of myelinated axons notably through Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. A direct by-product of this ATP production is reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are highly deleterious for neurons. While ATP shortage and ROS levels increase are involved in several neurodegenerative diseases, it is still unclear whether the real-time dynamics of both ATP and ROS production in axonal mitochondria are altered by axonal or demyelinating neuropathies. To answer this question, we imaged and quantified mitochondrial ATP and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) in resting or stimulated peripheral nerve myelinated axons in vivo ,  using genetically-encoded fluorescent probes, two-photon time-lapse and CARS imaging. We found that ATP and H 2 O 2  productions are intrinsically higher in nodes of Ranvier even in resting conditions. Axonal firing increased both ATP and H 2 O 2  productions but with different dynamics: ROS production peaked shortly and transiently after the stimulation while ATP production increased gradually for a longer period of time. In neuropathic MFN2 R94Q  mice, mimicking Charcot-Marie-Tooth 2A disease, defective mitochondria failed to upregulate ATP production following axonal activity. However, elevated H 2 O 2  production was largely sustained. Finally, inducing demyelination with lysophosphatidylcholine resulted in a reduced level of ATP while H 2 O 2  level soared. Taken together, our results suggest that ATP and ROS productions are decoupled under neuropathic conditions, which may compromise axonal function and integrity.   Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s40478-019-0740-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

In vivo real-time dynamics of ATP and ROS production in axonal mitochondria show decoupling in mouse models of peripheral neuropathies